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Writer's pictureCabinet Gauchet Art Asiatique
Nov 194 min read

Chinese perfume burners: a journey to the heart of an age-old tradition

Perfume burners occupy a special place in the cultural and spiritual history of China. At the crossroads of craftsmanship, religion and aesthetics, these objects charged with symbolism have stood the test of time, carrying with them a tradition as deep-rooted as it is fascinating. From simple ritual tools, they have been transformed over time into veritable works of art, silent witnesses to the richness of Chinese civilisation.

Large bronze tripod incense burner, China, Qianlong mark and inscription, 18th century, appraised by Gauchet Art Asiatique for Millon auction house, sold for €105,000


The earliest traces of incense burners date back to the period of the Warring Kings (475-221 BC), a time of upheaval and cultural innovation in China. Although the use of incense was already commonplace, it was with the influence of Buddhism, introduced into China at the beginning of our era, that incense burners acquired a marked religious dimension.


In Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian temples, incense burners played a key role. They were used to purify sacred spaces, accompany prayers and symbolise spiritual elevation. The smoke rising from a perfume burner was seen as a bridge linking the earthly world to the divine, a means of communicating with ancestors or celestial spirits.


Bronze incense burner, China, between 300 and 200 BC, kept at the Musée Cernuschi in Paris

The design of perfume burners reflects Chinese ingenuity and aesthetics. These objects were fashioned from a variety of materials, each choice corresponding to a function and social status. In temples, imposing incense burners were often made from bronze, a robust material that symbolised longevity. Aristocratic households, on the other hand, preferred models in porcelain, jade or even gold, often decorated with delicate motifs.


The shapes of the incense burners also bear witness to the creativity of the craftsmen. Round models symbolise harmony and infinity, while lotus-shaped designs evoke spiritual purity. Other, more elaborate designs take the form of mythical animals such as the dragon, supreme protector, or the phoenix, the embodiment of peace and prosperity. Every detail is charged with meaning, transforming a simple object into a veritable visual language.


Bronze perfume burner featuring a falcon, China, 17th century, appraised by Gauchet Art Asiatique for Millon auction house, sold for €13,500

Incense burners are used for much more than just decorative purposes. They occupy a central place in the art of incense, or ‘Xiāng Dào’ (香道), which literally means ‘the way of incense’. This practice, inherited from the Han and Tang dynasties, combines precise know-how with a meditative approach. Lighting a perfume burner becomes a ritual in itself, where every gesture counts: from the choice of incense grains to their meticulous placement in the container.


In temples, the function of incense burners is above all ritual. The smoke rises in a fluid movement, symbolising the ascent of the soul and the purification of the spirit. But in the home, these objects also have an everyday function. Families use them to honour their ancestors, mark celebrations or simply create an atmosphere conducive to reflection and serenity.


Bronze and cloisonné enamel incense burner, China, Ming dynasty, 16th century, appraised by Gauchet Art Asiatique for Millon auction house, sold for €26,200

The Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties marked a real turning point in the history of perfume burners. These eras, synonymous with cultural and economic prosperity, saw the emergence of refined creations that combined technical innovation with artistic flair.


The workshops of Jingdezhen, the famous capital of porcelain, produced ceramic incense burners of unequalled finesse, often enhanced by blue and white or multicoloured glazes. Cloisonné bronze models, meanwhile, were adorned with gold or enamel inlays, creating dazzling contrasts. These pieces were often reserved for the imperial court or the aristocracy, reflecting their status and refinement.


Tripod incense burner, China, Qianlong period, Jingdezhen kilns, kept at the Musée Guimet in Paris


The themes of the decorations ranged from floral motifs to landscapes and scenes from Chinese mythology. Each incense burner thus became an artistic microcosm, encapsulating the beliefs and aesthetics of its era.


As Chinese society has evolved, incense burners have adapted without losing their essence. In a modern world marked by the quest for well-being and spirituality, they are enjoying a renaissance. Contemporary designers are taking inspiration from classic shapes while introducing modern materials such as glass, stainless steel and recycled ceramics. These creations are attracting a young, urban clientele in search of authenticity and meaning.


On the international scene, Chinese perfume burners have become highly prized collector's items. Asian art lovers appreciate not only their beauty, but also their history and symbolism. Some antique models, particularly those from the Ming and Qing dynasties, fetch astronomical prices at auction.

Partially openwork bronze covered incense burner, China, 17th century, appraised by Gauchet Art Asiatique for Millon auction house, sold for €38,000


Today, incense burners continue to symbolise a connection with the past and a quest for balance in an ever-changing world. They remind us of the importance of slowing down, honouring our traditions and seeking inner peace. In a globalised society, they transcend their Chinese origins to become a universal symbol of serenity.


It is in this context that Gauchet Art Asiatique stands out as a recognised authority in the authentication and appraisal of perfume burners. By entrusting the appraisal of your pieces to Gauchet Art Asiatique, you are opting not only for a guarantee of authenticity, but also for quality heritage enhancement, enabling each work to survive the ages with all the prestige and historical heritage it carries.




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